In the late nineteenth century, the
Iroquois Six Nations Council asked their six hereditary Chiefs to write in
English for the first time the traditional oral history of the formation of the
League of Five nations. It was formed about 1390, 100 years before
The traditional history was dictated
by the six ceremonial Chiefs, one from each of these tribes: the Mohawks,
About 1390, an Iroquois mother living
near the
De-ka-nah-wi-da
was born, as the dream foretold. He grew rapidly. One day he said to his mother
and grandmother, "The time has come for me to perform my duty in the
world. I will now build my canoe."
When it was
completed, and with the help of his mother and grandmother, he dragged the
canoe to the edge of the water.
The canoe was made of white stone. He got into it, waved good-bye, and paddled
swiftly away to the East. A group of Seneca hunters on the far side of the bay
saw the canoe coming toward them. De- ka-nah-wi-da
stepped ashore and asked, "Why are you here?"
The first man replied, "We are
hunting game for our living."
A second man said, "There is
strife in our village."
"When you go back,"
De-ka-nah-wi-da told them, "you will find that
peace prevails, because the good Tidings of Peace and Power have come to the
people. You will find strife removed. Tell your Chief that De-ka-nah-wi-da has brought the good news. I am now going
eastward."
The men on the lakeshore wondered,
because the swift canoe was made of white stone. When they returned to their
village and reported to their Chief, they found that peace prevailed.
After leaving his canoe on the east
shore, De-ka-nah-wi-da travelled
overland to another tribal settlement and asked the Chief, "Have you heard
that Peace and Power have come to earth?"
"Yes, I have heard," answered
the Chief. "I have been thinking about it so much that I have been unable
to sleep."
De-ka-nah-wi-da
then explained, "That which caused your wakefulness is now before you.
Henceforth, you will be called Chief Hiawatha. You shall help me promote peace
among all the tribes, so that the shedding of blood may cease among your
people."
"Wait," said Hiawatha.
"I will summon my people to hear you speak." All assembled quickly.
"I have brought the good tidings
of Peace and Power from the Chief of the Sky Spirits to all people on earth.
Bloodshed must cease in the land. The Good Spirit never intended that blood
should flow between human beings."
Chief Hiawatha asked his tribe for
their answer. One man asked, "What will happen to us if hostile tribes are
on either side of us?"
"Those nations have already
accepted the good news that I have brought them," replied De-ka-nah-wi-da. Hiawatha's tribe then also accepted the new plan of
peace.
When the Messenger departed, Hiawatha
walked with him for a short distance. "There is one I wish to warn you
about because he may do evil to you," confided De-ka-nah-wi-da. "He is a wizard and lives high above
Hiawatha had three daughters. The
eldest became ill and died. Not long afterward, the second daughter died. All
of the tribe gathered to console Hiawatha and to help him forget his great
sorrow. One of the warriors suggested a game of lacrosse.
During the game, the last of
Hiawatha's daughters went to the spring for water. Halfway there, she saw a
beautiful high-flying bird of many bright colours.
She called for the people to look at the bird. Then the huge creature swooped
down toward her. In fear, she started to run back to her lodge. At the same
time, the people came running to see the bird. Hiawatha's daughter was knocked
down in the confusion. They did not see her and she was trampled to death.
"Has the wizard sent that bird
and caused the death of my daughter?" wondered Hiawatha. Deeper in sorrow,
he decided to leave his tribe and go away.
A few days later, he met De-ka-nah-wi-da, who commissioned him a Peacemaker. Henceforth,
Hiawatha would spend his time going from village to village and spread the good
Tidings of Peace and Power, so that the children of the future would live in
peace.
The Mohawk Nation was the first to
accept the peace plan, and they invited Hiawatha to make his home with them.
One night De- ka-nah-wi-da appeared outside
Hiawatha's sleeping room. "It is now urgent," he said softly,
"that you come with me. We must go at once to another settlement. I have
been there before and I promised to return."
On their way, they came to a large
lake. De-ka-nah-wi-da asked Hiawatha to choose
between paddling across the rough water and flying over it. Remembering the
warning about the wizard, he chose to fly over the lake. De-ka-nah-wi-da used his supernatural power and turned both of them
into high-flying birds.
When they reached the opposite shore,
they resumed their natural bodies. Then they journeyed to the top of a very
high hill to see the one chief, the great wizard, who had not yet accepted the
good news of peace. Upon seeing him, Hiawatha was startled--the wizard's head
was a mass of writhing snakes. His hands and feet were claw-like and twisted.
He used his power to persecute others.
After a long time of discussion and
gentle persuasion, Hiawatha noticed that the wizard began to smile! He
exclaimed, "I do want to accept your plan of Peace and Power."
At once the wizard began to change.
His hands and feet straightened. Hiawatha combed the snakes from his hair. Soon
other chiefs arrived to help in the wizard's regeneration.
De-ka-nah-wi-da
then asked all the chiefs and their chief warriors and assistants to meet on
the shores of
The Messenger stood before the
Council and explained a plan for the Constitution of the Iroquois League of
Peace:
"Let us now give thanks to the
Great Chief of the Sky Spirits, for our power is now complete.
'Yo-Hen, Yo-Hen,"'
he said, meaning praise and thanksgiving.
The Great Spirit created man, the
animals, earth, and all the growing things. I appoint you, Atotarho,
Chief of the Onondagas, to be Fire-Keeper of your new Confederacy Council of
the Five United Iroquois Nations.
"Chief Warrior and Chief Mother
will now place upon your head the horns of a buck deer, a sign of your
authority.
"Hiawatha shall be the Chief
Spokesman for the Council. He will be the first to consider a subject and to
give his opinion. He shall then ask the Senecas,
"Let us now make a great white
Wampum of shell beads strung on deer sinews. Each bead will signify an event
and create a design of memory. We shall place it on the ground before the Fire-
Keeper. Beside it we shall lay a large White Wing. With it, he can wash away
any dust or spot--symbolic of destroying any evil that might cause trouble.
"We shall give the Fire-Keeper a
rod to remove any creeping thing that might appear to harm the White Wampum or
your grandchildren. If he should ever need help, he shall call out in his
thunderous voice for the other Nations of the Confederacy to come to his aid.
"Each Chief shall organize his
own tribe in the same way for the peace, happiness, and contentment of all his
people. Each Chief shall sit at the head of his own Council and matters shall
be referred to him for final decision.
"In the future, your Annual Confederacy Council Fire shall be held here at
the Onondaga
"Let us now plant a symbolic
tree of long leaves destined to grow tall and strong. It will represent your
unity and strength. When other nations wish to accept the good Tidings of Peace
and Power, they shall be seated within the Confederacy Council. Atop the tall
tree will proudly sit an all-seeing eagle to watch and warn you of any danger.
"Let each Chief now bring one
arrow to form a bundle of arrows. Tie them together so tightly that they cannot
be bent or broken apart. Place the bundle of arrows beside the Council Fire as
another symbol of your unity and strength.
"Let us join hands firmly,
binding ourselves together in a circle. If a tree should fall upon the circle,
your circle cannot be broken. Your people can thus be assured of your unity and
peace.
"If a Council Chief should ever
want to remove himself as Chief, then his Horns of Authority shall be placed
upon the head of his hereditary successor.
"You Chiefs must now decide what
you will do with your war weapons," said De-ka-nah-wi-da.
Hiawatha then led the thoughtful
discussion of the subject. The men agreed to dig a deep chasm where there was a
rushing river beneath. Into this river the chiefs and their chief warriors
threw all of their armaments of war. Then they closed the chasm forever.
De-ka-nah-wi-da
reconvened the Council and stated:
"I charge you never to disagree
seriously among yourselves. If you do, you might cause the loss of any rights
of your grandchildren, or reduce them to poverty and shame. Your skin must be
seven hands thick to stand for what is right in your heart. Exercise great
patience and goodwill toward each other in your deliberations. Never, never disgrace yourselves by becoming angry. Let the
good Tidings of Peace and Power and righteousness be
your guide in all your Council Fires. Cultivate good feelings of friendship,
love, and honour for each other always.
"In the future, vacancies shall
be filled from the same hereditary tribes and clans from which
the first Chiefs were chosen. The Chief Mother will control the chiefship titles and appoint hereditary successors. New
Chiefs shall be confirmed by the Confederacy Council before the Condolence
Ceremony. At that time, the Horns of Authority shall be placed upon the head of
the new Chief.
"All hunting grounds are to be
in common. All tribes shall have co-equal rights within your common boundaries.
I now proclaim the formation of the League of the Five Iroquois Nations completed.
I leave in your hands these principles I have received from the Chief of the
Sky Spirits. In the future you will have the power to add any necessary rules
for the safety and well-being of the Confederacy.
"My mission is now fulfilled.
May your Confederacy continue from generation to generation--as long as the sun
will shine, the grass will grow, the water will run. I go to cover myself with
bark. I will have no successor and no one shall be called by my name."
De-ka-nah-wi-da departed from the Council Fire.
Chief Spokesman and Lawgiver Hiawatha
arose before the Council and stated, "Hereafter, when opening and closing
the Council Fire, the Fire-Keeper shall pick up the White Wampum strings and
hold them high to honour all that has gone before. He
will offer praise and thanksgiving to the Great Spirit. In Annual Council, the
Chiefs will smoke the Pipe of Great Peace.
"If a chief stubbornly opposes
matters of decision before the Council, displaying disrespect for his brother
Chiefs, he shall be admonished by the Chief Mother to stop such behaviour and to act in harmony. If he continues to refuse,
he shall be deposed.
"If a family or clan should
become extinct, the Chief's title shall be given to another chosen family
within his Nation, and the hereditary title will remain within that
family."
All of the Chiefs of that first
Council Fire agreed with Hiawatha's plan as a part of their new Constitution.
Chief Fire-Keeper Atotarho
arose before the Council with his arms outstretched, holding the White Wampum
strings high in praise and thanksgiving to the Holder of the Heavens. Herewith,
he closed the historic first Confederacy Council Fire of the Iroquois League of
Five Nations. "Yo-Hen, Yo-Hen!"
he solemnly concluded, "thank you."
The
Five Chiefs then smoked the Pipe of Great Peace!